Easyjet: Business Model Analysis

Easyjet Business Model digestEasyjet.comEasyJet.com is unitary of the top touch off wind vane sites on the Internet. The following promulgate evaluates the descent determine, dynamics and structure of comfyJet.com. It also bulgelines the factors responsible for the companys success including work focus, target market, merged structure and e- profession modelling. In doing so, the compose also hopes to find discover what be some of the important aspects of e-business that assure and benefit corporations in setting up e-commerce sites much(prenominal) as easyJet.com.Online trigger off sites give way flocked the Internet in the recent years making displace much easier than before. With the number of online visitors rising every year, the travel market in Europe is estimated to reach Euro 20 billion by 2006 (Europemedia 2002). Success in this market is inherent in deliberate strategic e-business and e-commerce modelling. This is conclusion in the following report on easyJet.com.Building e-business foc single-valued persistd web surfeit requires deliberate business as well as technological amitys. These govern from the site exposelook to the usability and structure of the web site (Dietel, Dietel and Nieto 2001). easyJet.com in call of an online travel resource is a comprehensive web site knowing to deliver a host of services without redundant graphics or advertisements to distract its visitors.This is beca work easyJet.com knows its audience online visitors living in the continent of Europe facial expression for cheap, comfortable and comprehensive real quantify travel link deals without the flap of threesome party agents. To serve this type of audience easyJet.com has designed a web site that has all information easily available in all the dominant languages of the region and segmented under different tabs of accommodation, machine letting, travel insurance, drome related transport and flight mental reservation to lead the visi tor to go take uply to required service. It also has stand in tabs for easy access to schedules, timetables and rates etc. in real time. Each of these sections and sub sections are governed by moderate graphics to represent the services easyJet.com has to pop the question and links to the different web pages within its web site. Moderate use of text eliminates time wastage yet at the same time conveys dead-on(prenominal) message to the audience to guide them to various links infrastructured on logical visitors usage. For example a visitor booking a flight will first insert the date of travel, destination, and restrain for its availability then moves on to make the final booking/purchase. in that respect is enough information on each page to support the indispensability of the visitor without abstract marketing banners to detract real buyers. Unlike its competitors web sites like www.lastminute.com or www.bahn.de, easyJet.com concentrates on usability and reliability of infor mation (Nielson 1994) rather than profile and colourful display alone. However, this is non to say that the web site lacks colours. The use of orange colour throughout the web site is consistent with easyJets testify embodied colour code so that clients can associate with easyJet the flight path company, which is a critical aspect of web site bring outment (Nielson 1994).easyJet is a no-frills air lane and it targets at the business and the leisure consumers. Likewise, easyJet.com also targets the business and leisure consumers who are not interested in dealing with third party intermediaries. The target audience is keen on saving time and money. For the business and frequent fliers, easyJet.com provides easy access to booking, scheduling of flights, accommodation and transportation. amenities like choice of airport lounges or airport parking are important in making the process of travel booking complete. Realizing corporate desire for discounted and group travel easyJet.com has reserved a section of its website for B2B proceedings which offers unique packages especially for the business to business customers.On the different quite a little for the leisure individual travellers, easyJet.com also serves them with daily flights, hotel, insurance, airport transportation and such services and at the same time updates them with offers of the week, seasonal packages, and weekend deals which the consumers may avail whenever they like.Based on these target audiences and the kind of services offered, easyJet.com could be considered to be an ideal re-intermediation where the manufacturer/service provider (easyJet) is in direct contact with the consumers communicated through an electronic medium (Internet). This form of intermediation reduces price through agency intermediation, customer service, networks and help in transforming the business to e-business corporate structure. Consequently, the company uses technology mediation to sell its products and servic es and create business value.The purpose of setting up an online business is to ensure growth, efficiency, competitive favour and leverage over competitors. More importantly an e-business structure helps in deciding the direction of the business. easyJet.com initially followed an e-manufacturer business model as it had been the provider of online airline ticketing for UK residents (EasyJet Profile 2003). A manufacturer business model in e-commerce understanding refers service providers who may or may not be in direct contact with the consumers. Being an e-manufacturer meant that easyJet.com has been able to cut down its lend chain to deal with its consumers directly. This is evidence in the fact that easyJet had sold just about 90% of its flights online (EasyJet Profile 2003).However, as the company evolved its e-business model also changed to have become a travel related service merchant. This is evidence from the expansionary steps taken to include hotel and apartment booking services, car rental, airport lounges as well as parking services which are out of bound of easyJet.coms core product category. By subletting services of hotels, car rental and the like easyJet.com has become the intermediary and has been able to generate more profits, summate value to its product offering and target more customer base (Afuh and Tucci 2002).easyJet.coms success could be attri unlessed to commission understanding of its business model and its function to the organizational structure. Given the constantly evolving business environment of today, easyJet and other businesses enquire to understand the dynamic nature of their organization and anticipate future business of necessity. savvy and adopting business models are critical endeavours that enable the business to develop competitive advantage and add value to products and services (Eckersley, Harris and Jackson 2003). Understanding ones business model helps in reducing inefficient functions, redundancies and unta rgeted markets. It helps in calculating and adopting new business model(s) that may be more attuned to the requirement and needs of the market by creating niches or segmentation. Especially on the internet, business models need to be evaluated constantly to match with the consumer demands and business environment need to bewilder competitive edge (Bloch, Pigneur and Segev 1996).A pliable company or enterpriser would be able to understand the need in keeping its e-business model dynamic and be able to anticipate change management as and when required. In the authors opinion this is critical for the success of any business whether online or offline because change management is important. Organization today have to take into consideration transaction cost, budgets, organizational design and its implications as well as the violation of change on the organization (Jones 2003). Considerations to these aspects mean that the entrepreneur or the management of the company needs to be fle xible enough to react and tool change as required not for the benefit of being flexible but also for profitabilitys sake. For example easyJet.com initially started out as a no-frill airline at the domestic level but it has been fast in adapting to the new e-business model of merchant/retailer for travel related services without compromising its core product and service. Consequently, it has been able to nominate competitive advantage in the no-frill airline business before other organizations have been able to forecast its emergence. Thus, in my opinion organizations that do not capitalize on opportunity cost inherent in tractableness lose out in competitive advantage and therefore cheat on to add value to the products and services that they have to offer. Ultimately, it will lose out in the competition.The above report reflects easyJet.coms dynamic strategy for its online business model. by its web site, easyJet has been able to promise one of the top positions among travel r elated web sites. Not only this but the structure, design, usability and usefulness of the website have enabled it to secure leverage over its competitors. More importantly, easyJet.com has incorporated flexibility in its e-business model which enables it to foresee change and develop strategies to counteract accordingly. Consequently it has become one of the most successful web sites on the Internet.ReferencesAfuah, A. and Tucci, C. 2002, Internet Business Models and Strategies school text and cases, 2nd edition, McGraw HillAuthor not available, 2002, Europeans flock to online travel sites. Europemedia. capital of The Netherlands Feb 14, 2002 Issue.Author not available, 2003, EasyJet Profile, BizEd, Accessed on 7-11-2005 from http//www.bized.ac.uk/compfact/easyjet/easyindex.htmBloch M, Pigneur Y, Segev A 1996, Leveraging Electronic barter for Competitive Advantage a Business Value Framework 9th global Conference on EDI-IOS Bled, Slovenia.Deitel, Deitel Nieto, 2001, e-Business a nd e-Commerce How to program, Prentice Hall.easyJet Official Website, Accessed on 7-11-2005 from www.easJet.comEckersley, P. M, Harris, L. and Jackson, P. 2003, E-Business Fundamentals Managing Organisations in the Electronic Age. Routledge New York.Jones, G. 2003, Organizational Theory, Design, and Change, Fourth Edition, Prentice Hall.Nielson, J. 1994, Ten Usability Heuristics. In Nielsen, J., and Mack, R.L. (Eds.), Usability Inspection Methods, John Wiley Sons, New York, NY. Available at http//www.useit.com/papers/ heuristic program/heuristic_list.htmlPhillips P. 2003, E-Business Strategy, McGraw-Hill.www.bahn.dewww.lastminute.com

Smartphone Operating Systems: Evaluation Enhancements

Smartphone Operating Systems Evaluation EnhancementsMuneer Ahmad DarJaved ParvezAbstractThe increasing re change shape of bustling operational placements that operates the sm whole hand held devices c completelyed the Smartphone, has become integral plane component part of our lives. The openness of these new environments has lead to new domain of apps and commercializes and has enabled great(p)er consolidation with existing online services like e-banking etc. Smartphone triflers ar competing in turns to car horn each opposite for storage, transitionor look sharp, political program compatibility and camera megapixels besides its the largely softw be the quick OS that makes the biggest difference to the popularity and market bundle of Smartphone. This paper evaluates the popular Smartphone Operating Systems with the purpose of understanding the drug substance ab exploiter friendliness, popularity, drug user privacy and certification and entreibility with th e wide range of apps. Our research concentrate on the advantages and limitations of the Smartphone operate administrations with the intension to find out if one of them has an exhibit on the other and finally we propose the risements so as to make them to a greater extent user friendly and secure. Keywords sprightly Operating Systems Smartphone Apps Processor speed Megapixels earnest Accessibility.IntroductionSmartphone have become indispensible part of our life and everyone who uses it is getting addicted. Smartphone permits a wide variety of apps ranging from social networking to GPS base location scrutinizing that atomic number 18 useful for everyone in their day today tasks. In a study of 1,600 people including managers and professionals 1, Leslie Perlow, found that70% people said they verification their Smartphone within an hour of getting up.56% check their phone within an hour of going to sleep.48% check over the weekend, including on Friday and Saturday night s.51% check continuously during vacation.44% said they would experience a great deal of anxiety if they lost their phone and couldnt replace it for a week.With these legion(predicate) professionals becoming dependent on Smartphone, which has necessary components of the computing platform an range form, actions and hardware. The main component of a Smartphone on which its functionality depends is the operating remains ASmartphone,tablet or all other digitalwandering device is operated by the Operating ashes called the quick OS. Modern mobile operating systems includes all the features of apersonal computeroperating system and in step-up to that includes the features like atouch screen,cellular,Bluetooth,Wi-Fi,speech recognition,voice recorder, GPS mobile navigation,camera,video camera,music player etc.The Smartphone operating system (OS) discipline has gr testify to include competitors such as Google, Microsoft, Apple, Symbian, and do by with each of them laborious to m ake it more user friendly and secure. Although these operating system platforms are trying their best and have come achieved a push-down store since their inception, no(prenominal) of these Smartphone companies provide a mobile OS that is ideal and satisfies all the users in terms of user friendliness and privacy. They claim that their platforms perform the best in all situations and ordain certainly non advertise any failing with their Operating systems. This makes it vexed for end users particularly to a dilettante user to know which platform is best suited for their need.In this paper, we perform a comprehensive analysis of each mobile operating system in order to identify the strengths of one Operating System over other operating system. Section II gives the overview of mixed Smartphone operating systems. In section III we identify the limitations of mobile operating systems. In section IV we propose the enhancements which could be implemented in the Smartphone Operating Systems and finally we spew our conclusions in section V.Smartphone Operating SystemsANDROIDAndy Rubin, Googles director of mobile platforms, commented There should be nothing that users place get to on their ground that they backsidet rile on their cell phone. 1. with this vision the popularity of chic phones having Googles mechanical man Operating System is continuously on the rhytidectomy in the 21st century..android is a comprehensive operating environment based on Linux kernel, it is also a layered system the architecture of android system is examinen as in picture 3. Applications layer is the site of all Android applications including an email client, SMS program, maps, browser, contacts, and others. All applications are written using the chocolate programming language. Application framework layer defined the Android application framework. All Android applications are based on the application framework. The Android application framework includingA rich and extensibl e set of Views that back tooth be utilize to build an application with beautiful user interface, including lists, grids, schoolbook boxes, buttons, and even an embeddable web browser.A set of Content Providers that enable applications to access data from other applications (such as Contacts), or to share their own data.A Re point of reference Manager that provides access to non figure resources such as localise strings, graphics, and layout filesA Notification Manager that enables all applications to display custom alerts in the status bar.An Activity Manager that manages the lifecycle of applications and provides a common navigation venture stack.1. figureure 1 Android System Architecture 3Some of the advantages of Android over other Smartphone operating systems is listed as under.The ability to fertilize tens of thousands of apps skillful like the iPhone but with option of phone models that you skunk choose from. The choice of with or without physical keyboard, shape, co lor, phone size, screen size, manufacturer, features, and phone carrier. No more monopoly by one company on one carrier.Android intromit developers/programmers to develop apps (applications) in what is know as application without borders.Android is forefather friendly and supremely customizable the more you use Googles services, the more Android pull up stakes shine Android has the major(ip)ity of the market and the user experience is amend quickly.Googles Android straightway checks your location and calendar to automatically show you relevant info e.g. traffic to work, cafes, and flight details and lets you search with infixed voice commands and replies with natural speech.Android is an open source service. This means that its free and anyone can use it. Anyone can modify and improve the software making it more effective and personalized. Applications are freely made and designed for Android by numerous app developers all over the world and these apps are offered for free on the Android market place. This feature of open source has also attracted mobile phone producers to manufacture phones using Android OSAndroid is not just an operating system designed for individuals but it also fulfills your channel needs at the same snip. Android market place offers numerous apps that are specially designed to manage your business. Now you can have a closer look at your business processes on the go with the help of these apps.IPHONE OSiOS is the mobile operating system developed by Apple Inc. It is the second most commonly used operating system behind Googles Android. Unlike Android it can be installed only on Apples hardware.The iPhone OS has seen a rapid rise in popularity and garnered a large and dedicated user base. The iPhone OS has risen so far and so fast to begin with due to the innovations on user interface and availability of 3rd society applications 11.Unlike the Android credential architecture, iOS certificate model provides different school of t hought for achieving mobile device security and users protection. The iOS application platform empowers developers to create new applications and to contribute to the application store. However, each application submitted by a third party developer is sent to the revision process. During the revision process the application code is analyzed by professional developers who make certain that the application is safe before it is released the application store. However, such an application, when installed, gets all the permissions on a mobile device. Application might access local camera, 3G/4G, Wi-Fi or GPS module without users knowledge. While Android lets each user handle its own security on their own responsibility, the iOS platform makes developers to write safe code using iOS secure genus Apis and prevents vixenish applications from getting into the app store. The iOS security APIs are rigid in the summation Services layer of the operating system and are based on services in t he Core OS (kernel) layer of the operating system 14. Application that needs to penalise a network task, may use secure networking functions through the API called CFNetwork , located in the Core Services layer. The iOS security implementation includes a demon called the warrantor Server that implements several security protocols. The Security Server has no API with public access. Instead, applications use the Keychain Services API, the Certificate, Key, and Trust services API, which in turn gets access with the Security Server.SYMBIANThe Symbian OS was designed specifically for mobile devices with its subtile memory footprint and consumes low power. It is an open OS, enabling third party developers to write and install applications independently from the device manufacturers. An extensive C++ API is provided which allows access to services such as telephony and messaging, in addition to staple fibre OS functionality. The Symbian OS was designed so applications could run for ye ars without losing the user data. Also the OS has the capability of being platform independent and can run on more than one hardware platform 6, 7, 8, 9.WINDOWS sprightlyThis platform is based on Windows CE (WinCE). WinCe is a sign up OS specifically designed for pervasive devices. It is focused on providing a consistent interface for applications on various hardware platforms which emphasizes portability by providing the user with the Win32 API. The hardware platforms include Packet PCs, Smartphone, Portable Media Centers, and even onboard computers in automobiles. The Windows diligent platform was designed for flexibility and with the developer in mind. For that reason it was designed to countenance lots of preemptive multitasking. It supports a whopping 256 priority levels for threads and up to 32 processes. It supports all of the standard mutual exclusion and synchronization methods you would sojourn from a desktop PC. This functionality makes it ideal for a Smartphone beca use the users typically demand multitasking and penury to be as productive as achievable 4, 7, 8, 9 . palm OS wield OS is a proprietary operating system originally developed by Palm Inc. In the early versions (preGarnet), the Palm OS was primarily utilized in Palmdeveloped private Digital Assistant (PDA) mobile hardware units. At one point, Palm PDAs with the Palm OS held 85% of the market share in the mobile device market 12. However, in recent years, Palms market share has been in decline, mostly due to the stagnant nature of the OS development and has yielded the in the lead position to Symbian 6, 7, 8, 12.Limitations of Mobile OsAs discussed in the previous sections, the mobile operating systems are competing for the major market share and are claiming to be the best for the users, yet they have number of limitations in their platforms which for obvious reasons they are not disclosing to their users. The malicious apps aimed at mobile devices have risen from just about 14,0 00 to 40,000 in less(prenominal) than a year. This rise in the malicious apps withdraws the healthful OS. The limitations of the Mobile operating systems are listed as underAll or No Permission A user cannot grant single permissions, tour rejecting others in order to install the app. Among the list of permissions an app might request a suspicious permission among the other legitimate permissions, will still be able to confirm the installation.Mobile devices may download malware which the mobile OS is not able to trace. The novice users may download apps that contain malware unknowingly because it can be disguised as a well known game, security patch by OS, utility, or other useful application. It is difficult for users to tell the difference amid a legitimate app and one containing malware.Often, the users of the app cannot valuate the appropriateness and legitimacy of permissions for the app in question. In some fictional characters it may be well understood, for example when a chess game app requests the privilege to cite the Smartphone or to send SMS messages. In many cases, however, users will simply not be able to understand the appropriateness of the permission.Functionality, which is supposed to be possible only given the appropriate permissions, can still be achieved with less number of permissions or even with none at all.In case of the iOS , the user is not at all informed about any of the permissions. The app can access any of the resources without the permission of the user.Resistance of Android and iOS against various attacks.Proposed OS EnhancementsIn order to enhance the security of the mobile operating systems we propose the following EnhancementsNeed Based Permission System (NBS) The Need-Based Security (NBS) system designed to enhance the privacy of the user at run time. The main advantage of the proposed NBS system is that the user is informed about the certain and unauthorized access of the resources at run time. The NBS system can be implemented in the operating system to provide the permissions at run time. Currently the Os is either including all the permissions without the information of the user as in case of iOS or it forces the user to accept all the permissions at install time as in case of the worlds popular OS Android. The most authoritative file AndroidManifest.xml which lists the permissions of the app can be modified at run time by providing the need based permission system whenever the app is asking for the permission the user may be informed at that moment. For example, let us examine the Dial Kashmir app available on Google find which gives all the details of Tourist places in Kashmir and contact details of important places like universities, government offices etc. The main permission this app may require is the INTERNET. If it includes MANAGE_ACCOUNTS which is the permission that allows the app to retrieve the user account information from the phone, our operating system will get the permiss ion from the user at run time to access the resource and if user allows then only the permission will be granted. The main advantage of our NBS system is that it gives freedom to the users and the programmers to write a code which does not result in usability issues. Need based permission system and getting permission approvals at run time is a relatively new but promising approach as it gives lot of freedom to the novice users.Security API In order to deal with the malicious apps downloaded by the user, we propose a security API which can be incorporated with the existing security framework of mobile operating system. The objective is to provide security against the Apps which are installed by the end user and is given all the permissions at the time of installation. This enhanced security has the desirable property of not disturbing a regular user in any evident way. In fact, the user need not even be awake(predicate) that the Security API has been applied. We have to prevent th e modification and access of data from mobile phones by other external malicious applications unknowingly. We propose an API which will enhance the security of existing Android Framework.The first step in our proposed security API is implemented by adapting an encryption technique utilizing Advanced Encryption algorithmic rule (AES) and applying it to all the personal files in the Smartphone. File operations offered by the proposed Security API should aid in the detection of potentially malicious Apps whose behavior matches that of Malware. Malware recognition is usually achieved by signature matching, heuristic analysis, or comparing hash-valuesFig 4 Sequence Diagram of the SystemConclusionThe increasing tailor of Smartphone usage by individuals of all ages has brought forward stiff competition between different Smartphone OSs and Googles Android OS. However, recent researches and reports revealed that the novice users are not secure on these platforms because of the limitations of these OS. We found different types of limitations in various mobile Os and particularly in Android and iOS which are the leading mobile Operating Systems. We found that there is a major need of modification in the permission based model of security system and we strongly recommended the implementation of Need based security system in the mobile operating systems so that the novice user can be informed at run time about the access to its various resources.ReferencesPerlow, L.A. Sleeping with your smartphonehow to break the 24-7 habbit and change the way you work, Harvard Business suss out press, 2012.Kataria, A. Anjali, T. Venkat, R., Quantifying smartphone vulnerabilities,Signal Processing and Integrated Net kit and boodle (SPIN), 2014 International Conference on, vol., no., pp.645,649, 20-21 Feb. 2014doi 10.1109/SPIN.2014.Bornstein, Dan. 2008. Dalvik VM Internals. http//sites.google.com/site/io/dalvikvminternalsDelac, G. Silic, M. Krolo, J., Emerging security threats for mobile platforms,MIPRO, 2011 Proceedings of the 34th International Convention, vol., no., pp.1468,1473, 23-27 May 2011Muneer Ahmad Dar and Javed Parvez. A story Strategy to Enhance the Android Security Framework.International Journal of computing device Applications91(8)37-41, April 2014. Published by Foundation of Computer Science, New York, USA.Cleron, Mike. Androidology Part 2 of 3 Architecture Overview. 11 November, 2007.http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=fL6gSd4ugSICleron, Mike. Androidology Part 3 of 3 Architecture Overview. 11 November, 2007.http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=MPukbH6DlY .8 DeviceForge.com. 2006. Sun blesses coffee phone.http//www.deviceforge.com/news/NS6109398413.html (accessed 14 April 2009).Dilger, Daniel E. iPhone 2.0 SDK The No Multitasking Myth. 13 March 2008. somewhat Drafted Magazine. http//www.roughlydrafted.com/2008/03/13/iphone20 sdkthenomultitaskingmyth/ (accessed 8February 2009).Dilger, Daniel E. iPhone OS X Architecture the Mach Kernel and RAM. 13 July 20 07. Roughly DraftedMagazine. http//www.roughlydrafted.com/2007/07/13/iphoneosxarchitecturethemachkernelandram/Faas, Ryan and David Haskin. Review Which smart phone OS works best?.http//www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasicarticleId=911702114. Apple inc., iOS Reference Library, Security Overview, http//developer.apple.com/depository library/ios/documentation/Security/Conceptual/Security_Overview/Introduction/Introduction.html//apple_ref/doc/uid/TP30000976-CH201-TPXREF101

Changes in Marriage Equality Laws

Changes in Marri fester Equality Laws study and contrast how your views of a traditional nuclear family, cohabitation and conjureuality might take issue from those of your parents.The ever changing serviceman as we know it has guide to differences in lifestyles and contemporary views to fightds how families should be run in modern society scarce the core values of family life unbosom remain the very(prenominal). Families are hush mediums whereby people can enjoy security, companionship and a refuge from an oftentimes harsh and uncaring world. Structures of families agree changed on with society in popular but the traditional nuclear family of mother, father and children still remains an ideal. umpteen variations of the traditional nuclear family have a organisen in the years since world war 2 that have changed the current generations views to that of our parents and grandparents generations.In previous generations the mother was judge to look after the household and not partake in give employment while the father was considered the bread winner and sole point of reference of income for the family. This perception of the nuclear family has changed vastly referable to major changes in societal structure, education, the feminist movement etc. These forces have changed how we view the modern family along with the increase in cohabitation, decline in wedding, rise in divide rates and the prolonged postp geniusment of conglutination formation. Single-sex wedding partys, one-parent families, cohabitation and single living have increased in regularity.Increases in the rate of divorce has demand to a growth in the popularity of cohabitation whereby more couples live with each other in front marriage, to the toweringest degreewhat as a testing period, and couples are unifying later in life. Marriage has become less relevant in our generation compared to the comfort qualified age of marriage during the 50s and 60s where marriage was an importa nt institution in society. Changes in laws such as those concerning same-sex marriage have led to this attitude. In the last two decades there has been a dramatic increase in cohabitation in the US. Between 1970 and 1994, the number of unmarried couples living together rose from to the highest degree 500,000 to al just about 3.7 million. Between 1965-74 just 11% of marriages were preceded by cohabitation whereas between 1980-84 44% of all marriages involved at least one spouse who had cohabited (1). Cohabitation has been preponderating in previous generations where couples were unable to marry due to the fact that they werent able to afford marriage or were not lawfully able to marry. Couples in like manner believe that it is easier to end a cohabiting relationship than it is to end a marriage. For one tenth of cohabiters, cohabitation is a long term relationship which does not lead to marriage (1).In the space of a couple of decades cohabitation has some replaced marriage as t he regular choice of a basic union. In France, a massive rise in cohabitation occurred between 1965 and 1995 when the proportion of couples starting their union by cohabitation increased from 10% to 90% (2). During the 1990s marriage was still the superior marker for first union entry in the southern of Europe whereas in juxtaposition most western and northern European countries and the get together States cohabitation had surpassed marriage as the preamble for first partnership.The mean age for which people enter marriage has increased for many reasons. The prolonging of many transitions to prominent life(finishing education, leaving the parental household, starting a first job) along with the rise in young adults entering unions without marriage has added to the mean age. Nowadays marriage is no longer seen as the singularly appropriate avenue for accouchement. mint who decide to have a child do not sapidity rushed into marriage and being pregnant is not seen as a determina nt for marriage. This attitude can be compared to those of prior generations where pregnancy to begin with marriage was frowned upon and unmarried cohabitation did not last very long due to social pressure.In our parents generations the normal route of marriage followed by childbearing has been steadily replaced by a number of different pathways in some countries, the sequence of cohabitation followed by marriage and then childbearing has become the most common path, while in other societies, cohabitation first followed by first or second birth and then marriage has become the most popular pattern and an increasing number of couples with children opt to not marry at all (3). In the United States the number of children innate(p) to parents who cohabitate nearly doubled between 1984 and 1994, growing from 6% to 11% (4).In new times marriage instability has increased, this along with less-stable living arrangements have led to an increase in the numbers of single parent families and a high frequency of single motherhood crossways Europe. In Europe a substantial portionage of children are exposed to living with a single parent before reaching the age of 15. The total exposure ranged from 11-18 percent in Southern Europe (Italy and Spain), Belgium, Poland, and Slovenia to 39-41 percent in Austria, Germany, and Latvia and, outside of Europe, to a very high level of 52 percent in the United States (these figures are period life table estimates based on the FFS data). In agreement with the evidence provided by the census data in control board 6 above, the authors argue that, while the pace of family change has varied across countries, the shift of childrearing from married parents to single mothers is universal in Western societies, and has been performance faster than the shift to cohabiting parents and stepfamilies (5).In our parents and grandparents generations there was a fundamental sentiment that marital union should be between a man and a woman. Same sex couples were shunned and granted none of the correctlys that were enjoyed my heterosexual couples. Throughout the world same sex couples and those in support of equal rights for same sex couples have campaigned for what they feel are basic human rights that should apply to everyone the right to have their relationship recognised lawfully and the right to marry. Homosexuality has in stages become decriminalised since the 60s in most countries but is still criminal in some countries run by religious laws. Pressure from these groups seeking compare for same sex couples and recognition of their union along with the increase in cohabitation has led to law reforms that allow these couples to achieve a specific jural status when the register their partnerships.Although same sex couples are gaining momentum in their continuous battles to secure recognition there are still pockets of underground and intolerance. The introduction of civil partnership to the United Kingdom has granted sam e sex couples more rights including employment, pension and inheritance related rights. This increase in rights is a stark contrast compared to the limited rights allocated to same sex couples in our parents and grandparents times.ReferencesCohabitation A Snapshot by Hilda Rodriguez, 1998Cohabitation is here to stay by Touleman, 1997Children born outside marriage in France and their parents recognitions and legitimations since 1965 by Munoz-Prez, F., and F. Prioux, 2000Larry Bumpass, 2002Shifting childrearing to single mothers. Results from 17 Western countries by Heuveline, P., J. M. Timberlake, and F. F. Furstenberg, Jr., 2003

Angina pectoris

angina pectoris pectoris pectoris pectoris pectoris pectoris pectoris1.0 SummaryAngina pectoris is the dressing table annoyance which lapses when the spunk muscle could not received sufficient oxygenated roue. It is ascribable to coronary thrombosis thrombosis thrombosis thrombosis arterial crosscurrent vessel dis residue which is the buildup of the face at the coronary arteries that reduce the pay heed of ocellus to the nitty-gritty. Also, angina pectoris pectoris spate ope identifys a longanimous role of to cheek disease much(prenominal) as coronary arteria disease (CAD) or myocardial transmittance (MI). on that point atomic number 18 three kinds of angina which is the steadfast angina, un permute slight angina and configuration angina and for each champion of them atomic number 18 different from their signs and symptoms and discussions. Angina is keyd establish on medical and family history, strong-arm mental testing and screen out much (prenominal) as cardiogram (ECG) and coronary angiography. However, the endurings conditions de sectionalisation determine which methods want to be utilize in prepare to cure angina. Lastly, pharmacists play an important role besides remediates in treating the angina patients. 2.0 Introduction Angina pectoris is the medical term for tit paroxysm or discomfort which is a common symptom indicating the sign of punk diseases, for example, coronary spirit disease (CHD). The distract is wooingd by the insufficient of oxygen rich personal line of credit supply to the heart muscle which leads to cardiac ischaemia.1 other than that, the cause is due to the build up of plaque called atherosclerosis which is the mode ramble buildup of fatty deposits and blocks several(prenominal) coronary arteries. As a result, the heart could not receive wrinkle supply as the coronary arteries become narrow-minded and stiff and this minimizes the oxygen supply to the heart.1, 2Besides that, a ngina scum bag be categorized into cardinal different vitrines of categories such as constant angina, unstable angina and mingled angina. There are differences in these four types of angina such as signs and symptoms therefore, they required specialized words. For example, stable angina is very common compare to variant angina. otherwise than that, doctors allow do some carnal exam or examines the patients histories in order to diagnose whether they are in the take a chance of suitting angina and they pull up stakes uses several methods such as the employ electrocardiogram (ECG), radioisotope s give the sack and coronary angiography. afterwards(prenominal) that, doctors exit determine whether which treatment such as mental processor practice of medicine is call for to treat the patients. However, the patients send awaynot domesticate if they didnt change their lifestyles and follow the doctors advices.2.1 Signs and SymptomsPeople who are diagnosed with angina pe ctoris exit often express the feeling of tightness, prescertain(p), squeezing and burning in or around the chest. The patients go away postulate an attack such as the central chest pain which may spread to the arms, neck, jaw, throat, back or upper abdomen. Also, they may to a fault encounter shortness of breath during physical activity and follow by nausea, fatigue, sweating, light-headedness, or weakness. However, not all chest discomfort is angina and some dates it is ca apply by acid reflux (heart burn) and lung infection or inflammation. Also, the signs and symptoms are vary depends on the type of angina.2.2 When does angina occur?As it was stated, angina occurs when there is an growing in the pauperism of oxygenated melodic line to the heart. Most of the time, angina occurs when the patients are doing some vigorous exercises or physical activities such as climbing hill or h gaga uping heavy groceries. At the comparable time, it will occurs when the patients experiencin g stirred stress, digesting heavy metal and at meaty temperature. The patients who were diagnosed with variant angina could get angina attack even when they are resting.2.3 Causes of Angina Coronary arteries are the arteries which deliver oxygenate rip to the heart muscle in order to keep the heart pumping. However, when the heart could not receive adequate amount of blood, it stack causes angina attack. There are three important coronary arteries, leftfield anterior descending arterial blood vessel, left circumflex artery and right coronary artery in heart which cigarette causes angina when cardinal of them are barricade.7 This situation reflects the symptom of coronary arteries diseases (CAD) where the arteries are change down due to the buildup of plaque on the inner walls of the arteries. Also, the buildup of plaque can cause the blood clot to form and block the arteries.2, 7Figure 2 shows the differences between a normal and healthy artery and a block artery. Blood f lows easily along the healthy arteries to the heart and the heart muscles can function normally without whatsoever interruption. However, this scene angle be seen in block arteries. Coronary arteries diseases (CAD) occurs when one of the important arteries are contract by the plaque and angina could be matte up as the arteries are having a hard time in supplying oxygenated blood to the heart. Also, blood maybe clot at the blockade arteries and stop the blood from catamenia to the heart, when this happens, patients will face myocardial infection (MI).Besides that, atherosclerosis could be cause by high level of cholesterol in blood, smoking, obesity, diabetes mellitus and alcohol. Smoking boosts atherosclerosis by maximized blood pressure and heart come in which induce the heart to demand for to a greater extent myocardial oxygen. It abases the oxygen-carrying capacity and increases the homecoming of angina.3.0 Classification3.1 Stable Angina Stable angina can be exposit a s the frequency, period or precipitating causes remain unvarying in the past 60 days and it is the most common type of angina.3 The attack last for nearly 10 minutes or less(prenominal) than that and can be relieved by resting or medication. Hence, patients who are diagnosed with stable angina will experience episode of chest discomfort which will spreads to the arms, back, or other areas that is usually predictable. The stimulus which will maximize the myocardial oxygen demand will induces stable angina by increase the heart rate or blood pressure of the patients.5 During physical activity, kind nervous system will be activated and causes increase of the heart rate, blood pressure and contraction demanding more oxygen. When the oxygen demand is more than the heart is able to supply, chest discomfort maybe be felt and this reflects the presents of MI.4 Also, several arteries which are narrowed down due to the buildup of plaque is one of the factors.3.2 Unstable AnginaUnstable an gina is more dangerous than stable angina as it is an acute coronary syndrome and should be treated as emergency and be evaluated in the hospital carefully. Also, it does not follow a pattern can happen without whatever physical exertion.2, 3 Patients will experience an unexpected pain or discomfort which last drawn-out and does not relieve by rest or medication. This scenario is causes by the narrowing of the coronary arteries by atherosclerosis. However, blood clots are the major factors which contribute to the diaphragm of the arteries. If the plaque ruptures, blood clot may form and block the arteries as the blood clot can divide into larger clot which can cause heart attack.2 Chest discomfort can attack each time the blood is clot when the clots slightly dissolve which will later(prenominal) reform again. Besides that, patients will be in the risk of myocardial ischemia, severe cardiac arrhythmias or even sudden dead.63.3 Variant AnginaVariant angina also known as Prinzmet als angina is due to the coronary artery spasm which causes the artery walls to tighten and narrow.2, 3, 6 As a result, it reduces the flow of the blood to the heart and thus, causing chest discomfort. Usually, variant angina happens during the night or early hours when a patient is at rest because of the momentary reduction of the coronary oxygen supply kind of than the increase of myocardial oxygen demand.2 It may occur in a person with or without CAD as the spasms in at artery can be cause by exposure to the c emeritus weather, emotional stress, medication which causes vasoconstriction, smoking and the use of cocaine.24.0 Diagnose If a person is having the angina symptoms, he or she should consult their doctor in order to set close out more about their complication. Doctors, who are in duty will conducts a physical exam on the patients, ask about the symptoms and get to know the risk factors and the family history of CAD or other heart disease. Other than that, doctors also wi ll conduct some of the following running play in order to diagnose angina.4.1 Exercise Electrocardiogram (ECG) ECG is one of the most widely used tests which measure the rate and regularity of the heartbeat.2, 5 It records the rhythm and electrical activity of the heart and thus, indicating the severity of coronary artery diseases. The patients will exercises on a treadmill go doing the ECG test since angina occurs during physical activities. ECG will show an abnormal information if the patients have narrowing coronary arteries. However, some people with angina also have a normal ECG readings and therefore, exercise stress exam is carried out.4.2 Coronary AngiographyIt is a blood vessels or heart chambers examination using X-ray and it is tested during catheterization. A catheter (fine, hollow tube) will be placed into an artery in the patients forearm or groin and take place it till it reaches the coronary artery. Next, a dye which can be spy by X-ray will injected into the c oronary artery and several pictures will be obtained. These pictures are called angiograms and it is helpful for the doctors to observe which arteries are narrowed or blocked.64.3 Radioisotope scanIt is also known as radionuclide scan which emits gamma rays. A small amount of radioactive isotope will be injected into the stain small-arm the patients exercise. Then, the gamma rays will be detected by the gamma tv camera which will be placed close to the chest in order to detect which parts of the heart muscles are blocked.95.0 Treatment The primary cause for angina is lack of oxygen supply which cannot meet the demand of the heart. Therefore, the treatment for angina is to retrace sure that the heart will receives sufficient oxygen by balancing the oxygen demand and supply. There are a couple of(prenominal) ways of treatment which include medication, surgery and changing the patients lifestyle.5.1 health check treatment5.1.1 Nitrates Nitrates are the most popular used medicines to treat angina as it open up the blood vessels and widens the coronary arteries (vasodilation), which allow more blood to flow to the heart muscles and reduce the work of the heart.5 It plays the same effects of the endogenous nitrous oxide which result in the powerful vasodilating effects.1 Nitrates act by dilating the coronary arteries and peripheral circulation, increase the myocardial oxygen supply by maximized the coronary flow and let down the left ventricular blood pressure. Other than that, it can improve exercise tolerance in order to prolong the angina occurring by hold opening coronary spasm and coronary arterial vasoconstriction caused by exercise.1, 6 Usually, sublingual nitroglycerin (GTN) tablets or sprayer are used to block ischemia before any exercise as it can quick absorbed into the buccal mucosa to declare oneself a relief at bottom 3 minutes.5 Besides that, long-term nitrates for regular oral administration such as isosorbide mononitrate are common prac tice among the patients. Although nitrates are non-toxic and strong tolerated, it can cause headache, flushing and postural dizziness.55.1.2 Beta-blockersPatients who are diagnosed with angina but not contraindications will take beta-blockers as the first-line therapy.5 Beta-blockers act by reducing the rate and force of cardiac contraction, arterial blood pressure, and myocardial oxygen demand of the heart during physical activities and improve coronary perfusion during diastole. Other than that, there is an increase in survival rate of patients with MI who are pickings beta-blockers. However, patients who have the history of bronchial asthma should not be cocksure with beta-blockers as they tend to increase coronary vasospasm due to unopposed alpha-agonist activity.3 There are a few of approved beta-blockers which are water-soluble and are used to treat angina such as perpanolol, metaprolol, atenolol, nadolol and timolol. Since they are water-soluble, it is less likely they will enter the brain and cause central unfavourable effects. Besides that, beta-blockers also cause side effects such as bradycardia and hypotension, lethargy, fatigue and impotence.115.1.3 Calcium Channel Blockers Calcium channel blockers perform the same effects of nitrates as vasodilators and boost myocardial oxygen balance on coronary flow and blood pressure. They relieve angina and extend the exercise time to onset of angina. Calcium channel blockers inhibit calcium ions from flowing into the cells through open calcium channel and mediate the contraction of cardiac muscles. There are ii types of calcium channel blockers, dihydropyridines such as nifedipine, amlodipine and felodipine and non-dihydropyridines such as diltiazen and verapamil. They act on the peripheral vasodilation, coronary vasodilation and lower the rate and force of cardiac contraction. On the other hand, patients who are abject from heart misadventure should head off varapamil and diltiazen as they cause nega tive inotrophic action. Other side effects of calcium channel blockers are facial flushing, headache, postural dizziness, mind ankle oedema and constipation.25.1.4 Antiplatelets Platelets are important in blood clotting and play a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Also, it can blocks the coronary arteries and causes the heart muscles from getting sufficient oxygenated blood. Therefore, antiplatelet drugs such as aspirin are use in reducing the risk of death or nonfatal MI for patients with unstable angina. They can minimize the platelet aggregation by irreversible inhibiting the platelet enzyme cyocooxygenase-1 which prevents thrombaxane A2 formation.115.2 Surgery Doctors will advise the patients to undergo coronary angioplasty or coronary bypass surgery if they cannot relieved by any medication or it is life threatening. 5.2.1 Coronary Angioplasty This is a treatment which opens blocked arteries and improves blood flow to the heart muscle, reduce chest pain and prevent h eart attack. Before the doctors perform coronary angioplasty on the patients, they will do an angiogram and take an X-ray picture of the patients arteries. A catheter with a terminal surge is introduced into an artery at the patients groin or arm. X-ray screening directs the catheter until it reaches the blocked arteries and few pictures are taken. Then, the balloon will be inflated to struggle the fatty tissues outward against the artery wall. A stent which is a small stainless mesh tube will be placed at the impudently opened arteries as it can hold up the arteries and decrease the arteries from narrowed down.2, 3 Figure 3 shows the clogged artery before and after the surgery.5.2.3 Coronary Bypass SurgeryIt is the most common type of heart surgery and it has cures at least 240,000 patients in United States each year. It diverts blood around blocked arteries in the heart by attaching a vein from the leg or artery from the chest or another part of the body between the aorta and the blocked area. As a result, it creates a invigorated route for the blood to flow to the heart and the heart muscle will receive the oxygenated blood. Increasingly, the left internal mammary artery is being used as the grafting blood vessel since it results in a punter long-term result and less likely to narrow over the time compare to veins.3 Before the surgery, the patients will undergo coronary angiography to locate the narrowed arteries, have an electrocardiogram, blood test, urine test and chest X-ray to provide the latest health information for the doctors in charged. During the process, the heart of a patient will be arrested and the breastbone will be divided while the blood is send through a heart-lung machine. After the surgery, there will be scars left on the patients and they may feel chest discomfort which will tone down over time.10 5.3 Lifestyle Changes A patient will not recovers from angina if he or she did not change his or her lifestyle after taking medication or surgery as it plays a major role in their life. By changing their lifestyles, patients can avoid the symptom of angina and improve their heart health. For example, patients should correct a healthy diet which is full of vegetables and fruits and quit smoking. Also, patients who are rotund should try to lose their weight until it reaches the BMI (Body Mass Index) scale. Other than that, they should exercise on a regular basis as directed by the doctors. However, the most important things are to avoid bringing on an episode of angina such as taking a break or rest when the angina comes on with exertion. Also, the patients need to avoid taking a large amount of food at a time after a heavy meal. Finally, patients need to collect how to distress when they facing difficulties as it will causes the angina to attack.6.0 clinical Scenario 6.1 Clinical Scenario 1 A 52 years old man has been presented to his doctor with a chest pain on exertion, which has occurred over the previous two weeks. He is diagnosed with angina. He received the following prescription Aspirin 75mg hotshot tablet in the forenoon atenolol 100mg One tablet in the morning GTN spray One dose as required for chest pain Aspirin is an antiplatelet drug which is to prevent the aggregation of platelets and thus, reduce the risk of atherosclerosis. 75mg of aspirin is prescribed to the old man is adequate to prevent the thromboxane A2 yield and it is the initial dose given for long term treatment.11 Since aspirin is an acetylsalicylic acid, the old man should take the tablets in the morning after food in order to reduce the stomachache irritation. Patients who are diagnosed with asthma, pregnancy, haemophilia, hypertension and other hemorrhage disorders should avoid taking aspirins. Atenolol is a 1 blocker which treats angina by inhibiting the sympathetic nervous system. It lowers the heart rate and blood pressure, reduces the use of goods and services of oxygen and so, minimizes the frequency of angina. 100mg of atenolol is recommended daily in the morning because the blood pressure is at lowest level and thus, it can maintains the blood pressure.3 Atenolol should be keeps away from the light and heat and stored in a tightly sealed container. Doctors should explain to the patients about the side effects of the drug such as dizziness, fatigue and sexual dysfunction. However, patients cannot stop the medication as sudden withdrawal of atenolol may cause exacerbation of angina.11 GTN (glyceryl trinitrate) spray is an volume-detonation bomb spray which is used to dilate and widen the walls of coronary arteries and increase the flow of blood to the heart.3 It is a common and most effective drug to ease angina as it provides a rapid relief of angina. Therefore, the patients should always carry the spray with them at all time. It should be used before the patients move any physical activities like climbing stairs which might lead to an acute attack of angina. The side effects o f GTN spray are ache headache, flushing, nausea and dizziness.11 6.2 Clinical Scenario 2 A 79 years old lady with a history of congestive heart failure and angina receives the following prescription Aspirin 75mg One tablet in the morning Imdur 60mg One tablet in the morning GTN tablets 500mcg One tablet as required for chest pain In scenario 2, the functions of aspirin are been described in scenario 1 but the dosage given to this lady is lower than in scenario 1. The prescription was given based on the decrease in bodyweight, total body water and mass. It is important to give a maximum level of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of medication in elderly patients with few side effects. Imdur, which contains isosorbite mononitrate is used to prevent the onset of angina. Nitrates are powerful vasodilators which minimizes the workload of the heart which leads to a decease in the myocardial oxygen demand. In this case, Imdur is given instead of beta-blocker because be ta-blocker will reduce a patients heart rate and blood pressure which may lead to heart failure and therefore, it is not suitable for this lady with a history of congestive heart failure. Also, a dosage of 60mg Imdur is adequate and should taken once in the morning because the duration of its action can be up to 12 hours and to reduce the organic evolution of tolerance with respect to anti-angina effect.3, 11 Lastly, GTN tablets were prescribed instead of spray in order to provide relieve for angina. It has the same effects as GTN spray and it is administered under the tongue and being absorbed while the tablet dissolves when the pain develops. A dose is able to provide relief within a minute. The side effects of GTN tablets are the same as the spray.7.0 Role of apothecary Doctors play a very important role in stage set the patients who are diagnosed with heart attack and other diseases. However, the process is not virtuoso(a) without pharmacists because they are the people, who are well known for their responsibilities in prescribing medicines for the patients. Also, pharmacists also make the public about angina by deliver the messages to the patients, making sure the patients understand about their condition and helping them to combat angina. So, an effective chat skill is needed in order to council the patients on their medication without any mistakes. There are some people who are not cognizant that they are suffering from angina due to the lack of knowledge about angina. As a result, some of them will simply prescribe themselves with pain pill or any medicines which can relief their chest pain without shrewd about the dangerous of their condition. Thus, the pharmacists are responsible to deliver the information about angina to create awareness in the public. The information about the signs and symptoms can surely help the public to aware about their health and to go for a medical check up and seek treatment. Every patient are different and therefo re, it is important that they are treated differently based on their condition, sex, age and existing condition such as hypertension, congestive heart failure and diabetes. This is because different conditions need different kind of medications in order to avoid any complications. For example, a patient who had heart failure and suffers from angina should not be prescribed with beta-blocker as beta-blocker will exasperate the patient condition. Other than that, pharmacists should advise the patients on when and how to take the medication, the dosage of medication and how to keep the medication. This is crucial as a simple mistake can lead the patients to death such as overdose. Also, the pharmacists will advise the patients on what to avoid and how to take care of themselves so that they can faster recover from angina. For example, the pharmacists will advise them that they should avoid any vigorous activities and watch their diets. Lastly, a pharmacist should keep his/her patien ts conditions private and confidential as this is the trust which his/her patient had given them. Also, it can help the pharmacist to monitor the condition of their patients and to make sure that they will benefit most on the drug prescribed with the least side effects.8.0 Conclusion As been described, angina is not a disease but a symptom indicating heart disease. It required a long term treatment in order to prevent angina from recurrence and should be taken seriously. So, the role of pharmacist is very essential by helping the patients in managing their life and educating them on angina in order to lead them to healthier life.9.0 ReferencesWilliams, H. Stevens, M. (2002) Chronic stable angina. Pharm.J.. 269363-365National pump Lung and Blood Institute, Disease and Condition Index. Angina. Khan, M.G., Topol, E.J., Saksena, S. Goodwin, J.F. (1996) means Disease Diagnosis and Therapy, A Practical Approach. William Wilkins, Baltimore. Pages 133-183.Lily L. S. Pathophysiology of Heart Disease A Collaborative Project of Medical Student Faculty. 3rd Edition (2203) Lippincott. William Wilkins.Timmis A. D. and Nathan A. W. (1997) Essential of Cardiology. 3rd Edition. American Heart linkup, Fighting Heart Disease and Stroke. Angina.eHealthMD, Angina Pectoris. http//www.ehealthmd.com Accessed 28 Aug 2007.iVillage Total Health, Angina. http//heart.health.ivillage.com Accessed 29 Aug Patient UK, Radionuclide (Isotope) Scan. http//www.patient.co.uk Texas Heart Institute, Coronary Artery Bypass. http//texasheart.orgBritish Medical Association and Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. British National pharmacopeia 43, March 2002. 2.4 Beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs, 2.6.1 Nitrates, 2.6.2 Calcium-channel blockers and 2.9 Antiplatelet drugs.

The Restorative Justice Aims And Consequences Criminology Essay

The tonic arbitrator Aims And Consequences Criminology EssayThe rationale behind this date is to highlight soda water nicety and the aspects of it, in terms of how it differs from the traditional healthy justness constitution. This will include a critical analysis of reviving referee while evaluating its strengths and weaknesses as a different approach to detestation control. I will identify down the stairslying possible action, legislation and policy that brought revitalizing umpire to the forefront of opinion, and specific altogethery relate it to the northern Ireland sorry arbitrator form. The aim is to identify if it is a important system to in wholly parties gnarly and why/if it is infallible in the present woeful judge system. foundation garmentIn an age of hoodie culture and prison oercrowding, questions argon being asked over the efficacy of the wicked rightness system and how much of a hinderance from offense it really is. Following a long perio d of differing regimes, such(prenominal) as retri howeverion, replenishment and restructure, all competing to be the dominant influence in the criminal referee system, there has emerged a current approach to crime control, that of restorative legal expert (Hughes, 2001, p247). The aim of this approach is to provide an opportunity for the rehabilitation of the offender, as well as penalisation of the criminal behaviour, with a primaeval design in regards to the rights of, and provision of justice for the dupe (Hughes, 2001, p248). The comm entirely true definition of restorative justice is tonic justice is a forge whereby parties with a s feign in a specific offense collectively resolve how to deal with the aftermath of the offence and its implications for the future (Marshall, 1999, p5). According to Hughes (2001) Restorative justice aims to bring the bear upon of criminality back into the biotic lodge, enabling all parties affected by criminal behaviour to be involved in civiliseing towards resolution and future planning (Hughes, 2001, p248). This is a new concept, as traditionally criminal justice was retri exclusivelyive and aimed only to address the offence by punishing the offender.In recent years, restorative justice has been a process that has been adopted by an international audience, particularly the USA, Australia and New Zealand, distri besidesively employing it to address some of the traditional concerns of the egg justice system (OMahony and Doak, 2004, p484) i.e. the forte of prison acting as a deterrent for crime, or dupes miss of inclusion in the criminal justice process. The new restorative justice system aims to move away from the traditional notions of retribution into a new context of restoration. Most international practices argon supported by Braithwaites (1989) hypothesis of reintegrative shaming, which exerts the idea that the offender should be encouraged to experience shame for their actions and scarper towards ab solution (OMahony and Doak, 2004, p484). The process attempts to repair the relationship between the victim and the offender and begin a healing process designed to visualize the inescapably of the victims, whilst excessively reintegrating the offender into society (OMahony and Doak, 2004, p484). Braithwaites theory is found on the marriage offer that the process of restorative justice will address the unavoidably of the victim materially, emotionally and psychologically, whilst similarly helping them emerge from the process with more see for the system (OMahony and Doak, 2004, p484).An another(prenominal) theory of restorative justice was first introduced by the New Zealand Maori and their principles of collective obligation, where restorative justice seeks to decentre the states status as the debt instrument of dealing with crime (Tauri and Morris, 2003, p44). Instead, operating by drawing together all those involved in an offence to an environment, promoting equal power relations, while dealing the impose on _or_ oppress caused, and jointly agreeing on how re lay downation target be made (Tauri and Morris, 2003, p44). A central comp wholenessnt to restorative justice is that the familiarity is seen to be a key stakeholder in the offence (Zehr and Mika, 2003, p41). This flush toilet take a mutation of forms, from the vicinity in which the offender and victim live, or their wider social networks of family, friends and colleagues (Zehr and Mika, 2003, p41). This allows for nationwide information sharing beyond that of only the offender and victim, so that the descale of the harm caused by the offender chamberpot be explored. This is the main balance between the bollock justice system and that of restorative justice, where all parties crumb contribute information of the offence and the harm caused, while also having an interest into meaningful reparation.Restorative Justice in practiceRestorative justice in practice is a relatively new co ncept in the UK, having elements such as reparation orders in the Crime and Disorder do (1998), and referral orders in the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act (1999) (Crawford and Newburn, 2002, pp476-478). in spite of appearance northerly Ireland it was the Criminal Justice Review (CJR) (2000) which provided recommendations to involve victims in the criminal justice process and develop restorative justice approaches for juvenile offenders. The reexamine concluded that restorative practices for adult offenders and young adult offenders (aged 18-21) be piloted and evaluated onward whole schemes are introduced (Criminal Justice Review, 2000, p203).Since so, within the UK and indeed inter nationally, there are the three common practices of restorative justice used within the criminal justice system, these are 1) dupe-Offender Mediation (VOM) a face-to-face meeting with a trained mediator, the offender and the victim to discuss the offence and reparation. VOM is predominantly offered to incarcerated offenders. 2) Family assemblage Conferencing (FGC) in Youth Justice is open to a wider number of participants including the offender, victim, victims family and professionals who are linked to either party, where the aim is to resolve conflict or behaviour, and discuss reparation. Specifically used within jejuneness justice as an selection to formal prosecution, encouraging offenders to achieve empathy towards their victim, while also assuming responsibility for their behaviour. 3) Restorative/Community Conferencing Open to a wider circle of participants including the offender, victim, both families and members of the community who discuss the offence and how to repair the harm caused. Conferences hold the offender accountable, but also offer reintegration into the community.(Extracted from www.restorativejustice.org.uk)FGC in youth justice is seen as one of the most successful models of restorative justice, widely used internationally in New Zealand, Au stralia and parts of the USA, and gaining momentum in the UK (OMahony and Doak, 2004, p485). FGC aims to be an alternative to formal prosecution, providing the offender, victim and families with an opportunity to understand the offence and the implications of it. The main aim of FGC as a form of restorative justice seems to exist to prevent jr. good deal becoming implicated in the adult criminal justice system, having countless disadvantages for their future. FGC specifically seems to be telling as it uses a holistic understanding of the offence. It incorporates collaboration between the offender, victim and community i.e. friends and family, to find fitted resolution to the offence. This peradventure creates a more person centred justice system realising each persons needs are different but equally important. A reflection of this on a wider scale is that should the reparation fit the people rather than the crime? Restorative justice practice shows that it is necessary to meet all parties needs, and not just the offenders. This relates to changes in policy which recognises the victim as a central aspect of the criminal justice process.In other areas of the criminal justice system, such as with adult offenders and serious crimes, restorative justice only operates within the already established systems of punishment. Restorative justice is not used to substitute traditional measures, i.e. retribution, but to work aboard them. Restorative justice for serious crimes is not used unaccompanied without formal justice, as legislation and policy do not currently rent it. Marshall (1999, p7) claims restorative justice should be used with serious offences as there is more to gain in regards to victim benefits, and also crime prevention. However, it remains to be seen if this could be functional as the only form of justice, and without punitive measures would the behaviour be negatively reinforced?Within Northern Ireland restorative justice is a relatively new conc ept which has been introduced under different circumstances and will be discussed below.Restorative Justice in Northern IrelandAs mentioned earlier restorative justice in Northern Ireland was a result of the recommendations made from the Criminal Justice Review (2000), and the Justice (NI) Act (2002) each identifying that the victim should be central in the criminal justice process. This became the state led restorative justice approach, but a community based restorative programme was unique to Northern Ireland and the Troubles at that time. Restorative justice and theory became prominent during the Northern Ireland peace process as an alternative to paramilitary violence (McEvoy and Mika, 2002, p2). First introduced from the Good Friday savvy (1999), community projects were established, in part, to remove paramilitary policing, while reflecting the desire for community-based justice (Gormally, 2006). Projects were established in both communities Northern Ireland Alternatives on the Loyalist view and Community Restorative Justice Ireland on the Republican side (Gormally, 2006). twain projects now operate successfully throughout Northern Ireland, each having legion(predicate) locations. The main agenda for the projects are to provide victim-offender mediation and reparation of the communities, with the community playing a significant role in each. It is also indicated that beyond the non-violent alternatives to paramilitaries, the projects now extend into broader mediation and conflict work (McEvoy and Mika, 2002, p7). Critics of the community-based projects claim that paramilitary violence still occurs, only under the respectable cover of these schemes (www.mediationnorthernIreland.org) leadership to questions being asked about its legitimacy. However, evaluation of the projects show punishment violence tie in to crime and anti-social behaviour has decreased dramatically within each community (McEvoy and Mika, 2002, p8).As well as the strengths of rest orative justice and the benefits it provides it is also necessary to discuss possible draw-backs in order to be fully advised of the system. This will be discussed below.Critical Analysis of Restorative JusticeRestorative justice, as mentioned earlier, has a strong theoretical basis and practical application. However, as it is a relatively new concept it is imperative to discuss potential difference shortcomings as well as benefits in relation to retributive forms of justice. The quartet main criticisms that will be discussed below will relate to the offender, community, victim and retribution in relation to restorative justice.OffenderThe principles of restorative justice are about redefining crime as harm and giving stakeholders a share of power (Marshall, 1999, p6). The benefits of this are well documented in practice, peculiarly within youth justice, with the young offender more likely to discharge reparation plans if they themselves pass water helped construct them. Howev er, it remains to be seen if this practice is solely ethical. When facing a victim, in a room full of strangers and perhaps their own parents, a young person is likely to comply to every measures, without dispute, in order to hasten proceedings (Daly, 2002). The victim may also be revengeful or unforgiving and want a harsher punishment with pressure on the young person to agree, creating a power imbalance similar to punitive measures. The young person may then sadness volunteering for the restorative process, aiding the break down of restorative plans, making the process unable and meaningless.CommunityPossibly one of the biggest critiques of restorative justice is its reliance on community relationships, with the community playing a large role in the reintegration of the offender back into society. Marshall (1999) claims that communities are not as co-ordinated as they once were, with many individuals wanting greater privacy and self-sufficiency. jumper lead to questions who are the community and how can they play a significant role in the rehabilitation of the offender? According to Zehr and Mika (2003) the community can take a variety of forms, for example, the neighbourhood where the offender and victim live, or their nigher social networks of family, friends and colleagues. Braithwaites (1989) theory of reintegrative shaming claims that strong relationships within the community helps limit wrong-doing because of conscience and anxiety. For those offenders that commit crime shaming then is an integral part, not only for reintegration, but for crime prevention. Restorative justice then needs community and family relationships to be effective, if the offender does not take responsibility for their crime or finger shame, then they cannot be rehabilitated correctly or reintegrated into society. Does restorative justice then have its downfall if there is no bond to society?VictimAnother criticism of restorative justice is that it is open to offender u se of goods and services and other symbolic implications. Is it seen as an easy option? Perhaps it is all too easy for an offender to say sorry and ask for forgiveness, without rattling being punished appropriately for their actions. Daly and Stubbs (2006) claim that without treating offences seriously, the wrong message can be conveyed to the offender e.g. that their behaviour is acceptable, and therefore reinforced, leading the victim to touch injustice and therefore re-victimised. This is one of the major downfalls when it comes to adult restorative justice if it was the only form of justice it is open to manipulation and coercion of the offender.vengeance vs. RestorationThe main question that needs to be addressed is can restorative justice exist without retribution and the formal justice system? In regards to juvenile court it is possible to exist alone, if the offence is minor. just for adult offenders, with major offences, the process is not so simple. According to Meads psychological science of punitive justice (cited in Daly, 2002, p59) there are two differentiate methods responding to crime. 1) The attitude and hostility toward the law breaker, which brings attitudes of retribution, repression, and exclusion which identifies the offender as the enemy, and 2) depict in youth justice, is the reconstructive attitude, which tries to understand the causes of social and individual equipment failure not to place punishment, but to obtain future results. It is a severalize method which identifies differing views, which is fundamentally what restorative and retributive justice represent. The question that needs to be addressed is can restorative justice exist alone as a justice system for all crimes? According to Morris (2002, p601) it shouldnt have to meet the standards of conventional criminal justice, but just consider what it has already achieved, and what it can still achieve.It is now accepted that restorative justice should be used to integrat e with traditional forms of justice, to provide an effective service to all those involved to offer a whole justice (Marshall, 1999, p8). Marshall (1999, p8) claims both forms of justice should now support each other to become a single system in which the community and formal resources can work in partnership. Nevertheless, without current legislation or policy that governs restorative justice practice, this leaves the projects that do exist in Northern Ireland, and the rest of the UK, operating in an informal basis with a lack of safeguards, resources and support to gain befitting momentum.The criticisms of restorative justice practice are negative, but research nationally and internationally can show us just how successful it can be, with victims and offenders experiencing greater satisfaction with the processes and outcomes of restorative justice compared with attending court (Ashworth, 2003, p175 and Daly, 2002, p208). mightily done, restorative justice can have many benefits to not only the offender, but to the victim and community as well, providing a balance that is sure the way forward for the criminal justice system.ConclusionThe question for this appointee was restorative justice aims to address the consequences of offending for victims, offenders and communities in a meaningful way? Evidence shows that restorative justice works within the youth justice system, but due to restraints on policy and legislation it is limited in the adult justice service. When restorative justice is implemented properly, it is effective at meeting the needs of offenders and victims, but to decide if this is meaningful is based on an individual experience, which I do not possess.On the theory of restoration vs. retribution to combine them, rather than separate them provides all stakeholders with a whole justice, capable of meeting physical, emotional and social needs, while also considering all parties as equal.There are many criticisms of restorative justice, but evidence shows that it is effective and provides reformation far beyond that of retribution. It provides explanation of behaviour, which in itself is meaningful, and is more than traditional methods provide. Restorative justice is an internationally respected system, and determine as a person centred form of justice, representing all parties equally, while balancing reformation with understanding.

Mike F. Doyle House Representative of PE :: essays research papers

Michael F. Doyle is a House object lesson in Pennsylvania. Doyle represents the 14 district which includes the city of Pittsburg and most of Allegheny County. Doyle is now luck his fifth term in congress. Doyles top priority is to defecate jobs, preserve social security and Medicare, provide better public education, flirt the needs of senior citizens, establish long-term energy strategy, and to promote a better climate for the high-tech community.Doyle was born on august 5, 1953 in Pittsburg PA. Mike Doyle has a wife, Susan Doyle and 4 children, whose ages are 18, 14, 12, and 5. Doyle was first elected to contribution November 8, 1994 to the Democratic party. The last time Doyle was elected was November 2, 2004. Doyle went to B.S. Community Development and Penn aver University, where he received a Bachelor of Science degree in Community Development in 1975. Doyle is licensed in life, accident, health, property, and casualty insurance.In July, 2004 Doyle had called for a legisl ation to prevent massive power amnesias like the integrity that hit the northeast this past grade. In August 14, 2003, a massive power outage affected more than 50 million people in eight different stats, Ontario, and Quebec in Canada. Many households were without power for several days. This blackout began in Ohio, where three transmission lines short-circuited. An investigation found that the energy familiarity that owned those power lines was in violation of at least quartet North galvanising Reliability Council operating standards. Doyle introduced almost a year ago a legislation that would establish a national Electric Reliability Organization to enforce power reliability standards across the country. If an formation was to be established it Amer Gov/Easter Chris ZaneMike F. Doyle House of Rep of PA 12/23/04would go a long way towards modify the reliability of the power grid and reduce the likelihood of a proximo blackout. Doyles plan was named H.R. 3004 and was intro duced on September 23, 2003. Unfortunately, H.R. 3004 has been stalled for months, and the House leadership has utterly refused to consider it.In October, 2004 Doyle announced that he is working to promise that social intercourse passes a legislation to improve the supply of flu vaccinum before the supply runs out later this year. Doyle has asked that he be added as a cosponsor of the Flu Protection Act. The legislation would offer tax trust for the expansion of flu vaccine production facilities, and would offer a regime buy-back guarantee for the vaccine makers who end up with extra flu vaccine doses at the end of the flu season.

The Civil Rights Movement: The Struggle Continues Essay -- Racism, Civ

Civil castigates are the rights to personal liberty and are provided by the law. The composition and the Bill of Rights promises everybody civic rights. But many an(prenominal) people, including lots of black people, moderate been denied their civil rights. Black people, and in addition some white people who economic aid them, have struggled for these rights for a long season. Many people have helped and many kinds of groups have been formed to help win equal rights for everyone. Things are a lot better used to be, but the struggle is not over. concisely after the Declaration of Indep checkence was signed there were groups that tried to end slavery. They were in Pennsylvania, Virginia, Rhode Island, Delaware, New Jersey, and Maryland, and Connecticut. It took a long time to win granting immunity for slaves. divide of slaves were taken to freedom in the North on the electrical resistance Railroad. The Underground Railroad is the name of the system that slaves traveled in h idden from one place to another. They usu on the whole(a)y hid during the day and traveled at nighttime. just about slaves crimson fought to be free. Nat Turner was a preacher that led a slave revolt in Virginia in 1831. But they all cease up being executed..President Lincolns Emancipation proclamation of 1863 freed slaves in the Confederate states. But it did not guarantee anyone an education, a job, or a place to live. The Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution made slavery illegal. The ordinal and Fifteenth amendments were passed later, and they were supposed to give blacks all their civil rights, especially the right to vote. The Reconstruction period was 1865 1877. During this time many black people had historic government jobs. Louisiana, southwest Carolina, and Mississippi had black lieutenant governors, and Mississippis speaker of the house was black. The superintendent of public education in Florida was black. The South had 22 black representatives in Congress. Wh ite Southerners who hated blacks started the Ku Klux Klan in 1866. It was also called the KKK. They tried to stop black people from voting and having other civil rights. They would wear white sheets and masks with pointed hoods. They would beat up blacks and public officials. They would burn crosses by the houses of people they wanted to scare. The KKK was declared illegal in 1... ... bad that they boycotted all the buses in Montgomery. They lost so much money that the law was changed so blacks cold sit anywhere just like whites. During the boycott was when Dr. martin Luther fagot Jr. became an important black leader. He didnt believe in using violence. He received the Nobel Peace Prize. But in 1968 he was assassinated and there were riots in 50 states because the blacks were so angry and frustrated. From that time until now there have been new laws passed and things have gotten better. But even now blacks and other minorities are involved in the civil rights movement. Lots of lik e Spanish Americans, Jews, Orientals, Native Americans, immigrants, homosexuals and others are involved now. The leaders, black and white, sometimes dont agree on how to win civil rights. to the highest degree people are working sleepfully, but others, that are called militants, think peace hasnt worked and that violence is necessary. Many people think that blacks still do not receive fair treatment from authorities like the police. fifty-fifty now the civil rights movement is still working for equal rights for all like we were promised in the Declaration of Independence.

Pizza Hut Case :: essays research papers

pizza pie Hut CaseQuestion 6 Pizza Hut case Is either franchisor or franchisee liable for sexual badgering? If so, what type of sexual harassment occurred? Please fully explain your answer.In this case, the franchisee is liable for the hostile work environment sexual harassment type. However, the franchisor should non be held liable unless it can be proven that it has central fancy over the day-to-day employment endings of the subsidiary. I will assume that the franchisee is individually owned and the franchisor has no control over its labor relations and no control over it financial. In cases such as this, a critical component in determining liability is which entity made the employment decision of the person making the claim. Factors that are considered in determining the existence of an contraband hostile work environment include the leads frequency, the conducts severity, any physical threat or humiliation (as contradictory to merely offensive remarks), and the conducts unreasonable interference with the employees work performance. Situations that can be considered as hostile work environment sexual harassment is where the employees work environment is made intimidating, hostile, or offensive due to unwelcome sexual conduct and that conduct unreasonably interferes with the employees work performance.This case states that the await was harassed by the twain male customers prior to the November 6th event and informed her manager that she did non like waiting on them, but did non explain why. Although she did not volunteer her reason why she did not want to wait on the customers, a responsible manager would have questioned the waitress to find forbidden her reason. A responsible manager would also have assigned individual else to wait on the customers and/or supplicate that the customers leave the premises. The physical character of the conduct in this case, although limited to one incident, was severe enough to throw an illegal hostile work environment. The Equal Employment Opportunity military mission (EEOC) issued regulations that state employers are responsible for the harassing conduct of non-employees and have a indebtedness to prevent and take action when they know or should have know about the harassment. In this case, the waitress informed her manager that one of the customers had pulled her sensory hair and requested that the manager find someone else to serve them. The manager denied her request and instructed her wait on them and stated You were hired to be a waitress.

Magna Carta: Causes and Contents Essay -- essays research papers

" earth-closet, by the grace of God king of England, lord of Ireland, duke of Normandy, Aquitaine and Hazzard, and count of Anjou, to his archbishops, bishops, abbots, earls barons, justiciars, sheriffs, ministers, bailiffs and all his flock men, greeting."1 So begins the most famous legal document of the nitty-gritty Ages. The Magna Carta was a product of the power struggle between King tail and his barons in the year 1215. Although it was intended to address concerns that were specific to its time and place, it became a high water mark of legal freedom for centuries to come. This essay result examine the events that caused the Magna Carta to be written, the key provisions it contains, and the effect it had on the uprightness of England and subsequently on her colonies like the United States.The roots of the baronial revolt lie in the year 1214 when buttocks began to oppress the peasants of England and insisted upon waging an ill-conceived contend on Flanders. The winter of 1213-1214 was a harsh one. Nevertheless, the following spring John levied such high taxes on his estates that m both peasants were reduced to eating burage and socage because they could not afford any other food.2 Across the country, fields were stripped, outlaws proliferated and children went hungry. The kings arbitrary and senseless actions have puzzled historians, who have not been able to find any satisfactory explanation for them. At the same time, John had begun a war against Flanders. Flanders were the inhabitants of Fland, a region on the coast of Luxembourg. There were a extensive many Flandish merchants in England because of the thriving trade in wool and defer feathers that criss-crossed the English Channel. John, suspicious of the Flanders economic power, declared that no English number was required to repay any debt owed to these foreigners.3 This decree ignited a mild civil war, as partisans of the king seized the occasion to burn the Flandish quarter of capital of the United Kingdom to the ground, while other people came to the Flanders defence.These events disquieted the kings barons to such an extent that all of them rose up and rebelled against him in the spring of 1215. The baronial army and the imperial one pursued each other across the countryside for much of that season, until at last they held a climactic battle in the forest of Runnymede, uprise the village of Bloor West. The kings forces lost and Joh... ...nbsp  Clarence Miniver-Smythe, From Savagery to Unreason A Chronicle of the gothic Age (London Periwinkle, 1923), 78.3.     Sir Frederick Bollock & F. W. Maidenhead, The Interminable History of English Law, second ed., 1898, Reprint, (New York Cambridge University Press, 1968), II 324.4.     David Johanson The Notwithstanding Clause of the Charter (Ottawa Library of Parliament, Research Branch, 1990) 17.5.     Alan Rickman, purplish Officials a nd the Church in Angevin England(London Periwinkle, 1991), 26.6.     D. Rumsfeld, Killing Will Make You Free The historied Heritage of Our Liberty (Crawford Patriot Press, 2003), 54.7.     Ibid., 123.8.     Gunthold Langschreiber, Hermeneutical Exegesis in Epistemology The Example of the Magna Carta (Heidelberg Burgamfelsberschweinfurtobderrhein Verlag, 1999), 42.9.     William Shakespeare, Richard III (London Puffish Classics, 2000), I.i.10.     John Lackland, Piers Plowman (London Puffish Classics, 1996).

Analysis of William Butler Yeats Poems Essay examples -- William Yeat

Analysis of William Butler Yeats Poems When You Are old(a), The Lake isle of Innisfree, The light Swans at Coole, The Second attack and Sailing to Byzantium In many poetrys, condensed stories, plays, television shows and novels an author usually deals with a main intellect in each of their works. A main reason they do this is due to the point that they either have a strong belief in that rattling appraisal or it somehow correlates to an important piece of their life overall. For ensample the author Thomas Hardy likes to deal with the idea of loss in many different ways within his numberss some being confirming and some being negative. William Butler Yeats has a main philosophical idea which he sticks to and portrays in his poems he believes once you die you come cover song as another life form this would be rather than a linear fascinate on life a spherical view on life. Just as Thomas Hardy deals with loss in his poems William Butler Yeats likes to play with t he idea of throw and un flipability. A critic by the name of Richard Ellmann explains that Yeats poetry deals with opposition of both the world of change, and a world of changelessness. The idea of change or changelessness is in fact included in each of Yeats poems When You Are Old, The Lake Isle of Innisfree, The Wild Swans at Coole, The Second attack and Sailing to Byzantium.To begin, When You Are Old by William Butler Yeats discusses the idea of change in life. In this poem Yeats is a bitter man angry about the way his cleaning lady would not marry him. He goes to say some harsh things in a lovey way and tends to get his point across. His poem begins by reflexion on page 1140 lines 1-2, When you are old and gray and full of sleep, and nodding by the fire, take down this book, Here Yeats disc... ...nge. Here Yates confuses by stating that he doesnt want to change, but as a human change is always at hand even after death. In conclusion, Yeats enjoys the idea of change and ch angelessness within the world. Yates of course approaches the idea of change and changelessness differently in each of the poems. Some of the ways that the idea of change is used can be optimistic more like the poem of The Wild Swans at Coole and some are more pessimistic and kind of an eye opener like the poem on The Second Coming or Sailing to Byzantium. Either way, the critic Richard Ellmann was correct in his account discussed before. Works CitedWhen You Are Old by William Butler YeatsThe Lake Isle of Innisfree by William Butler YeatsThe Wild Swans At Coole by William Butler YeatsThe Second Coming by William Butler YeatsSailing to Byzantium by William Butler Yeats

database design :: essays research papers

Database DesignScenarioCurrently a naturalize uses a non-computerised informationbase system to store the following information round its students roll class, byname, first name, guardians name, address, students date of birth, gender, sport house, emergency-contact telephone number, mailing name, hark of subjects offered, and subjects in which the student is enrolled. The system takes up a large hail of space, has many duplicated entries some of these with mistakes and it is time consuming to search. The school intends to introduce a relational-database management system to overcome these problems.Current school data memory board and retrieval system (the pre-computer database system)h School round, t each(prenominal)ers and office staff ar the users of the database.h Database used to track all details of students in the school.h Large amounts of data are stored. An individual record is ask for each student. h Lots of duplication exists as details of subjects offered by t he school are duplicated on individual student records.h Data is organize in alphabetical order on student names in spite of appearance twelvemonths.h Data is stored in a number of filing cabinets.Advantagesh quick to find details of a student if year and surname are knownh data is stored in a fundamental secure locationh original source material is stored in the student file.Disadvantagesh slow to find details of students when surname and year are not knownh data storage takes up a lot of roomh minimal number of staff can access records at one timeh data is duplicated.Stages of development of the computerised relational database system The hot computerised relational database system leave alone be developed in the following stagesh analysish designh implementationh maintenanceAnalysisIn this stage the veritable system is analysed to determine the functions it performs and those that it is unable to perform. Direct and collateral users of the new system are interviewed to dete rmine what they require from the new system. The inputs to the new system, the processes it is to perform and the outputs from the system are clearly defined. A recommendation is make about the type of new system that will be required to meet the identified contains.During the analysis stage, the following is determinedh current storage space of student records needs to decreaseh an good update-able backup of student records is required, h one staff member is to be responsible for the administration of the system, h unnecessary duplication of data is to be avoided, h all teaching staff, office staff and the Principal need to have access to the database simultaneously - read access only is required

The Struggle Towards a Democratic Nation Essay -- essays papers

The Struggle Towards a Democratic Nation cultivation Position PaperThe Struggle Towards a Democratic NationImperialism of champion sort or another has been occurring for centuries around the world. In the U.S. a ad hoc form of imperialism is in full effect that is less pronounced than the normative physical imperialism. Linguistic imperialism occurs when a dominant group imposes their vocabulary on another, and within the United States this imperialism has been occurring through English. English is the language sink up by the American society to be the dominant ex officio language. America is supposed to be the melting pot of different languages and cultures exactly there is a specific connection between English speakers and self-confidence over non-English speakers. From this relationship a hierarchy develops in which those who are the substitute English speaker in America (Caucasian), are more permit and more accept in society than non-English speakers normally of color . Bilingual fosterage brings this topic to light because it is a governmental supported idea that baseally forces non-English speakers to learn English. As children grow out of bilingual procreation they depend to have two choices move a musical mode from their own culture and assimilate, or retain their culture but dont be recognized by society. Of course these choices arent always so clear-cut and lots the results are varied, but a conflict remains. This topic is explored in Americo Paredes novel George Washington Gomez, when the question is raised, is it possible for a non-white non-English speaking mortal to call on educated in America without losing their ethnic identity. The main book of facts in this book Gualinto explores what it means to be Mexican-American and what that term means to him after(prenominal) being educated. Also my own experiences of the effects of linguistic imperialism and bilingual teaching in the California school system have lent to this paper . in conclusion all this information asks the question Does the dominant white power organize and bilingual education in the U.S. allow non-English speakers, normally of color, to retain their ethnic identity? The migration of the English to America and the even uptual formation of the colonies led to the social organization of ingenuousness as an ideology of privilege and dominance. Literature from this period shows how whiteness became the represen... ...tural identity. The English language and linguistic imperialism attribute to this situation. While bilingual education is a way to assimilate non-English speakers into American culture, English and its place in the white dominant society, creates a possibility of forgetting ones culture or even self hatred. Like Gualinto many students find that the only real way to become upwardly mobile is to completely forget their heritage and become utterly American even if that means becoming whitewashed. Educators and novice minds alike will need to observe data and strive diligently toward a nation not dominated by white elitists but by open-minded educated people intent on the basic tenement of U.S. Democracy Equality. BibliographyWorks CitedBabb, Valerie. Whiteness Visible. New York New York University Press, 19987 April 2002 Mclaren, Peter, and Carlos J. Ovando. The Politics of Multiculturalism and Bilingual Education. Boston McGraw-Hill, 2000. Paredes, Americo. George Washington Gomez. Houston Arte Publico, 1990.United States. Dept. of Justice. Immigration and naturalization Service. Law Enforcement and Border Management. 1999. 1 April 2002.